Old-school hip hop was the first mainstream wave of the genre, marked by its disco influence and party-oriented lyrics. Hip hop music was not officially recorded to play on radio or television until 1979, largely due to poverty during the genre's birth and lack of acceptance outside ghetto neighborhoods. Rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks. Hip hop's early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became widely available and affordable. At block parties, DJs played percussive breaks of popular songs using two turntables and a DJ mixer to be able to play breaks from two copies of the same record, alternating from one to the other and extending the "break". Hip hop as both a musical genre and a culture was formed during the 1970s when block parties became increasingly popular in New York City, particularly among African American youth residing in the Bronx. The term hip hop music is sometimes used synonymously with the term rap music, though rapping is not a required component of hip hop music the genre may also incorporate other elements of the culture, including DJing, turntablism, scratching, beatboxing, and instrumental tracks. While often used to refer solely to rapping and rap music, "hip hop" more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. The music developed as part of the broader hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping, DJing/ scratching with turntables, breakdancing, and graffiti art. According to the professor Asante of African American studies at Temple University, "hip hop is something that blacks can unequivocally claim as their own". Hip-hop music originated as an anti-drug and anti-violence genre consisting of stylized rhythmic music (usually built around drum beats) that often accompanies rapping, a rhythmic delivery of poetic speech. Hip-hop or hip hop, also known as rap, and formerly known as disco rap, is a genre of popular music that originated in the early 1970s by African Americans and Caribbean immigrants in the Bronx, a borough of New York City.
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